What is cervical cancer?
Cervical cancer is cancer of the cervix, part of the female reproductive system. It usually starts with the formation of precancerous cells. The appearance of precancerous cells does not necessarily mean that you will get cervical cancer. There is treatment available for these cells before they turn into cancer.
Cervical cancer does not usually show any symptoms in its early stages. In later stages, woman may notice abnormal vaginal bleeding, unusual discharge or pain during intercourse. However, with regular preventive care, doctors can catch and treat it early.
You can take this quiz to check your knowledge of cervical cancer risk factors.
What causes cervical cancer?
Doctors believe the human papilloma virus (HPV) is the main factor for developing cervical cancer, especially some high-risk types of the virus.
There are some risk factors of cervical cancer, including HPV infection, smoking and a family history of cervical cancer. Speak with your doctor if you are concerned about your risk factors for cervical cancer.
What can I do to prevent cervical cancer?
Two screening tests can help prevent cervical cancer or find it early:
- The Pap test (or Pap smear) looks for precancerous cells of the cervix that may become cervical cancer if they are not treated appropriately
- The HPV test looks for the virus that can cause the abnormal cell changes
Can the HPV vaccine help prevent cervical cancer?
The HPV vaccine protects against some high-risk types of HPV infection that can cause cervical cancer. This vaccine is recommended before age 13, which offers protection before exposure to HPV and while the immune system is stronger. While the vaccine works better when given before age 13, it has now been approved for women through age 45.
HPV can also be spread through sexual contact, so speak to your doctor about safe sex guidelines.
Do I still need a cervical screening if I’ve had the HPV vaccination?
Yes, women who have gotten the HPV vaccination should still get regular cervical screenings. The vaccine protects against most, but not all, strains of HPV that cause cervical cancer.
When and how often should I get a Pap smear test?
If you are 21 to 29 years old
Women should start getting a Pap smear test at age 21 and should get one every three years.
If you are 30 to 65 years old
Speak with your doctor about which testing option is right for you:
- Just a Pap smear test. If your results are normal, you can wait three years until your next one.
- An HPV test only. If your results from this test are normal, you can wait five years until your next screening.
- An HPV and Pap test. If your results from both tests are normal, your doctor might suggest that you get your next screening in five years.
If you are over 65 years old
Your doctor may tell you that you don’t need to be screened anymore if you:
- Have had normal results for several years, or
- Have had your cervix removed as part of a total hysterectomy
Depending on your family history and other risk factors, your doctor may decide that you need more frequent testing than what is suggested above.
Does my insurance plan cover Pap smear testing or the HPV vaccine?
Health insurance typically covers preventive exams, screening tests and vaccines to help prevent or detect possible health concerns. Pap smear testing is part of a regular preventive visit for women. The HPV vaccine is covered by health insurance. Be sure to check your plan for coverage details.